Bibliography of Systematics Literature: S

Sadeddin, W., & Kozur, H., 1992. Zum Alter und zur geographischen Verbreitung von Theelia tubercula Kristan-Tollmann (Holothurien-Sklerit). Neues Jahrbuch Geologie Palaeontologie Monatshefte. 1992(5): 292-302.

Sadeddin, W., & Saqqa, W., 1997. Holothurian sclerites from the Upper Cretaceous (Lower Turonian) of the Jarash area, north Jordan. Neues Jahrbuch Geologie Palaeontologie Monatshefte. 6: 370-382.

Sadeddin, W., 1991. Acanthotheelia jordanica n. sp., a new holothurian sclerite species from the Pelsonian (Middle Anisian) of Jordan. Revista Española Micropaleontologia. 23(2): 233-238.

Sadeddin, W., 1996. Holothurian sclerites from the Albian (Early Cretaceous) of the Fort Worth area, Texas, USA. Neues Jahrbuch Geologie Palaeontologie Abhandlungen. 200(3): 325-351.

Sadeddin,W., 1996. Holothurian sclerites from the Triassic of Jordan and their stratigraphic importance. Journal Micropalaeontology. 15(1): 83-95.

Saenger, P., Stephensen, W. & Moverley, P., 1980. The estuarine macrobenthos of the Calliope River and Auckland Creek, Queensland. Memoirs Queensland Museum. 20(1): 143-161

Said,R.,& Barakat, MG, 1958. Jurassic microfossils from Gebel Maghara, Sinai, Egypt. Micropaleontology. 4: 231-272.

Sainz, J., & Cornudella, L., 1990. Preservation of a complex satellite DNA in two species of echinoderms. Nucleic Acids Research. 18(4): 885-890.

Sainz, J., Prats, E., Ruiz, S., & Cornudella, L., 1992. Organization of repetitive DNA sequences in the genome of the echinoderm Holothuria tubulosa. Biochimie, Paris. 74(12): 1067-1074.

Saisho, T., & Tanaka, M., 1990. The distribution and ecology of sea-cucumber at Sakurajima Island. Pp. 25-29. In: REPORTS OF THE REFERENCE CENTER OF THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES FOR SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA. Kagoshima University Special Volume.

Salvat, B., 1972. La faune benthique du lagon de L'atoll de Reao (Tuamotu, Polynesie). Cahiers PaczJique. No.16: 30-109.

Salvini-Plawen, L.v., & Rao, GC., 1986. Echinoderma. Pp. 701-704. In: STYGOFAUNA MUNDI: A FAUNISTIC, DISTRIBUTIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS OF THE WORLD FAUNA INHABITING SUBTERRANEAN WATERS. (Botosaneanu L., ed.). Brill Academic.

Salvini-Plawen, L.v., 1972. Die nordatlantische Labidoplax buski (Holothuroidea - Synaptidae) in der Adria. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 188(5-6): 301-304.

Salvini-Plawen, L.v., 1972. Zur Taxonomie und Ökologie mediterraner Holothuroidea-Apoda. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen. 23: 459-466.

Salvini-Plawen, L.v., 1977. Caudofoveata (Mollusca), Priapulida und apode holothurien (Labidoplax, Myriotrochus) bei Banyuls und im Mittelmeer allgemein. Vie Milieu. (A) 27(1): 55-81.

Salvini-Plawen, L.v., Steiner, G., & Todt, C., 1998. Notes on marine meiofauna from muddy bottoms off Malaga (Spain). Graellsia. 54: 124-127.

Samyn, Y. & Thandar, AS., 2003. Massinium, a new genus in the family Phyllophoridae (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) with description of a new south-west Indian Ocean species M. maculosum. Belgian Journal Zoology. 133: 137–144.

Samyn, Y., & Massin, C., 2003. The holothurian subgenus Mertensiothuria (Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae) revisited. Journal Natural History. 37: 2487–2519.

Samyn, Y., & Tallon, I., 2005. Zoogeography of the shallow-water holothuroids of the western Indian Ocean. Journal Biogeography. 32(9): 1523-1538.

Samyn, Y., & Vanden Berghe, E., 2000, Annotated checklist of the echinoderms from the Kiunga Marine National Reserve, Kenya. Part 1: Echinoidea and Holothuroidea, Journal East African Natural History. 89: 1–36.

Samyn, Y., 2000. Conservation of aspidochirotid holothurians in the littoral waters of Kenya. SPC Bêche-de-mer Information Bulletin. 13: 12–17.

Samyn, Y., 2003. Shallow-water Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) from Kenya and Pemba Island (Tanzania). Studies Afrotropical Zoology. 292: 1–158.

Samyn, Y., Appeltans, W. & Kerr, AM., 2005. Phylogeny of Labidodemas and the Holothuriidae (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida) as inferred from morphology. Zoological Journal Linnean Society. 144: 103–120.

Samyn, Y., Massin, C., & Muthiga, NA., 2001. A new species of Holothuria (Aspidochirotida, Holothuriidae) from Kenya. Koninklijk Museum Midden-Afrika Tervuren Belgie, Annalen Zoologische Wetenschappen. 285: 101-110.

Samyn, Y., Tallon, I., & Thandar, AS., 2004. Zoogeography of the shallow-water holothuroids of the western Indian Ocean. Pp. 605. In: ECHINODERMS: MUENCHEN. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH INTERNATIONAL ECHINODERM CONFERENCE, MUNICH, GERMANY, 6-10 OCTOBER 2003. (Heinzeller, T., & Nebelsick, JH., eds.). Taylor & Francis, London. 633 pps.

Samyn, Y., Vanden Spiegel, D., & Massin, C., 2005. Sea cucumbers of the Comoros Archipelago. SPC Bêche-de-mer Information Bulletin. 22: 14-18.

Samyn, Y., Vandenspiegel, D., & Massin, C.,2006. A new Indo-West Pacific species of Actinopyga (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae). Zootaxa. 1138: 53-68.

Sánchez-Roig, MS., 1953. Algunos Equinoideos fósiles Cubanos. Revista Agricultura, Habana. 1953: 53-67., pls. 1-21.

Sane, SR., & Chhapgar, BF., 1962. Intertidal Echinodermata of Bombay. Journal Bombay Natural History Society. 59: 672-676.

Sanne, SR. & Chhapgam BF., 1962. Intertidal Echinodermata of Bombay. Journal Bombay Natural History Society. 59(2): 672-676.

Santiago, CM., Jr., 1985. The littoral echinoderm faunas of Marinduque between Boac and Santa Cruz, Part 3. Acta Manilana Series A. 84-130.

Sars, GO., 1871. Nye Echinodermer fra den Norske kyst. Videnskabs Selskabet Forhandlinger, Christiania. 1871: 1-31.

Sars, M., 1857. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Middlehavets Littoral-Fauna. Nytt Magasin Naturvidenskapene. 1857: 57-155, 2 pls.

Sars, M., 1859. Om tre nye Holothurider af hvilke den ena danner Typus for en nys Slaegt. Videnskabs Selskabet Forhandlinger, Christiania. 1859: 170-179.

Sars, M., 1861. OVERSIGT AT NORGES ECHINODERMER. Trykt i Brgger & Christie's bogtrykkerie, i commission hos J. Dybwad. 160 pps.

Sars, M., 1866. On arktiske Dyreformer i Chiristianafjorden. Videnskabs Selskabet Forhandlinger, Christiania. 1866: 200.

Sars, M., 1868. Om Afbildninger af nogle af hans son I forrige Aar ved Lofoten fundne Echinodermer og Coelenterater. Forhandlinger Videnskabs Selskabet, Christiania. 1867: 19-23

Sars, M., 1877. New Echinoderms. Fauna Littoralis Norvegae. 3: 49-75.

Sastry, DRK., 1995. Echinodermata. Pp. 477-478. In: FAUNA OF CHILKA LAKE. Zoological Survey, India, Wetland Ecosystem Series. 1.

Sastry, DRK., 1998. Some Echinoderms new to Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park with two new records from India. Pp. 133-138. In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON ISLAND ECOSYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

Sastry, DRK., 1999. Echinodermata of Great Nicobar Island, Bay of Bengal. Journal Andaman Science Association. 15: 91-93.

Sastry, DRK., 1999. Echinodermata. Chapter 14. Pp. 463-481. In: FAUNA OF WEST BENGAL Part 10. Zoological Survey, India. 498 pps.

Sastry, DRK., 2002. Echinodermata associated with coral reefs of Andman and Nicobar Islands. Records Zoological Survey, India. 100(Part 3&4): 21-60.

Satyamarti, ST., 1976. The Echinodermata in the collection of the Madras Government Museum. Bulletin Madras Government Museum Natural History. 7 (3): 1-284.

Saveljeva, TS., 1933. On the holothurian fauna of the Japan and Okhotsk Seas. Explorations Mers Russes. 19: 37-58.

Saveljeva, TS.,1941. On the holothurian fauna of the Far Eastern Seas of the USSR. Investigations Far Eastern Seas USSR. 1: 73–98.

Saville Kent, W., 1890. Bêche-de-mer and pearl-shell fisheries of northern Queensland. Queensland Government Publisher, Brisbane. 8 pps. 2 pls.

Saville Kent, W., 1893. THE GREAT BARRIER REEF OF AUSTRALIA: ITS PRODUCTS AND POTENTIALITIES. WH. Allen, London. 387 pps.

Saxena, RK., Kumar, S., Singh, IB., & Singh, SK., 1982. Holothuroids from Jurassic Tethyan sediments, Lamma Johar area, Kumaon Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh. Current Science. 51(7): 357-358.

Schallrenter, R., 1975. Ein neuerordovizischer Holothuriensklerit ans Ojlemyrgeschieben der lnsel Gotland. Neues Jahrbuch Geologie Palaeontologie Abhandlungen. 1975(12): 727-733.

Schallreuter, R., 1968. Die altesten sicheren Holothuroideenreste (Ordoviz). Neues Jahrbuch Geologie Palaeontologie Monatshefte. 1968: 522-529.

Scheuring, L., 1922. Echinodermen. Wissenchaften Meeresunters, Kiel. 13: 137-153.

Schlumberger, C., 1888. Note sur les Holothuridees du Calcaire grossier. Bulletin Société Geologique. (3) 16(6): 437-441.

Schlumberger, C., 1890. Seconde Note sur les Holothuridees fossiles du Calcaire Grossier. Bulletin Société Geologique. 18 (No. 3): 191, et seq.

Schmeltz, JDE., 1877. Museum Godeffroy Catalog VI. Nachträge zu Catalog V. L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg. 109 pp.

Schmidt, J., 1904. Fiskerundersøgelser ved Island og Faerøerne i Sommeren 1903. Skrifter Udgivne Kommissionen Havundersøgelser. I: 148 pps.

Schmidt, WJ., 1925. Über die Lage der optischen Achse in den Kalkkörperen der Holothurien und ihre Bedeutung für die vergeleichende Morphologie. Zoologischen Jahrbücher, Abteilung Anatomie Ontogenie Tiere. 47: 113–154.

Schmidt, WJ., 1932. Einige Bemerkungen zu A. Panning’s Arbeit ‘Über die Kristalloptik der Kalkkörper der Seewalzen’. Zoologischen Jahrbücher, Abteilung Algemeine Zoologie Physiologie Tiere. 50: 597–611.

Schmitt, J., 1904. Monographie de l'Île d'Anticosti. (Golfe Saint-Laurent.). Libraire Scientifique, A. Hermann, Paris. 372 pps.

Schoppe, S., 2000. ECHINODERMS OF THE PHILIPPINES. Times Edition, Singapore. 144 pps.

Schorygin, AA. 1925. Echinodermata aus den Sammlungen der Expeditionen des Wissenschaftlichen Meeresinstituts im Jahre 1922,1923und 1924 gesammelt. Berichte Wissenschftlichen Meeresinstituts, Moskau. Lief 8: 1-27.

Schorygin, AA., 1926. Die Echinodermen des Weissen Meeres. Berichte Wissenschftlichen Meeresinstituts, Moskau. 2(1): 3-59.

Schorygin, AA., 1928. Die Echinodermen des Barentsmeeres. Berichte Wissenschftlichen Meeresinstituts, Moskau. 3(4): 1-128.

Schulte, EH., 1979. Studies on the distribution of zoobenthos on the north Sardinian coast. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux l'Exploration Scientifique Mer Mediterranee, Monaco. 25-26(4): 185-186.

Schwager, C., 1865. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der mikroskopischen Fauna jurassischer schichten. Jahreshefte Vereins Vaterländ Naturkunde Württemberg. 21. 1865. 142 pps., Taf. 7.

Scott, T., 1897. The marine fishes and invertebrates of Loch Fyne. Report Fish Board Scotland. 15: (Part III): 107-174.

Sedgwick, A., & McCoy, F., 1851. A SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRITISH PALAEOZOIC ROCKS, WITH A SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF THE BRITISH PALAEOZOIC FOSSILS IN THE GEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. London : John W. Parker & Son. 661 pps., 21 pls.

Seilacher, A., 1961. Holothurien im Hunsruckschiefer (Unter-Devon). Notizblatt Hessischen Landesamtes Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden. 89: 66-72.

Selenka, E., 1867. Beiträge zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 17: 291-374., pls. 17–20.

Selenka, E., 1868. Nachtrag zu den Beiträgen zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Zoologische. 18: 109-119, pl. 8.

Semon R., 1887. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Synaptiden des Mittelmeeres. 1. cc Mittheilungen Zoologischen Station, Neapel. 7: 272-300.

Semon R., 1887. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Synaptiden des Mittelmeeres. 2. cc Mittheilungen Zoologischen Station, Neapel. 7: 401-422.

Semon, R., 1888. Die Entwicklung der Synapta digitata und ihre Bedeutnug fur die Phylogenie der Echinodermen. Jenaische Zeitschrift Naturwissenschaft. 22: 175-309.

Semon, R., 1890. Zur Morphologie der bilateralen Wimperschnure der Echinodermenlarven. Jenaische Zeitschrift Naturwissenschaft. 25: (Heft 1): 16, et seq.

Semper, C., 1867. REISEN IM ARCHIPEL DER PHILIPPINEN ZWEITER THEIL. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Erster Band, Holothurien Heft i., ii. & iii.:Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 100 pps.

Semper, C., 1868. REISEN IM ARCHIPEL DER PHILIPPINEN. Holothurien. 2. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Erster Band, Holothurien Heft iv. & v. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig. 288 pps. 40 pls.

Semper, C., 1869. Die Holothurien Ostafrika's. Baron Carl Claus von der Decken's Reisen in Ost-Afrika in den Jahren 1859-1865. Wissenschaftlicher Theil. 3 (1): 117-122.

Senkowiczowa, H., 1972. Holuthurioidea i Ophiuroidea w dolnym wapieniu muszlowym z otworu wiertniczego Zebrak. Kwartalnik Geologiczny. 16(4): 887-896.

Sepkoski, JJ., Jr.. 1982. A compendium of fossil marine families. Milwaukee Public Museum Contributions Biology Geology. No. 51: 1-125.

Serene, R., 1937. Inventaire des invertébrés marins de l’Indochine (1re liste). Notes Institut Océanographique, Indochine. 30: 1-83.

Sewell, MA., & McEuen, FS., 2002. Phylum Echinodermata: Holothuroidea. Pp. 513-530. In: ATLAS OF MARINE INVERTEBRATE LARVAE. (Young, CM., Rice, ME., & Sewell, MA., eds.). Academic Press, New York. 630 pps.

Sewell,MA., Thandar, AS., & Chia, FS., 1995. A redescription of Leptosynapta clarki Heding (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the northeast Pacific, with notes on changes in spicule form and size with age. Canadian Journal Zoology. 73(3): 469-485.

Shepherd, SA., & Thomas, IM., (eds.)., 1982. Echinodermata: Pp. 395-476. In: MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA. PART 1. South Australian Government, Adelaide. 491 pps.

Shepherd, SA., Toral-Granda, MV., & Edgar, GJ., 2003. Estimating the abundance of clustered and cryptic marine macro-invertebrates in the Galápagos with particular reference to sea cucumbers. Noticias Galápagos. 62: 36–39.

Shin, S., & Rho, BJ., 1996. ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FAUNA & FLORA OF KOREA, VOLUME. 36, ECHINODERMATA. National Textbook Co. Ltd., South Korea. 780 pps.

Shipley, AE., 1901. On the abysmal fauna of the Antarctic Region. Chapter 18. Pp. 241-275. In: THE ANTARCTIC MANUAL FOR THE USE OF THE EXPEDITION OF 1901. WITH A PREFACE BY SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM. PRESENTED TO THE EXPEDITION AND ISSUED BY THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, LONDON. (Murray, G., ed.). William Clowes & Sons Ltd., London. 586 pps.

Sibuet, M. 1978. Synallactes longipapillata nov. sp., nouvelle espece d’Holothurie d’un genre rarement represente dans l’ocean Atlantique. Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 3 Ser. No. 515, Zoologie 354: 311–318.

Sibuet, M., 1974. Cherbonniera utriculus gen. nov., sp. nov., petite Holothurie (Molpadonia, Molpadiidae) de vases abyssales du Nord-Est Atlantique. Comptes Rendus Academie Sciences, Paris. Série D. 279: 1443-1445.

Sibuet, M., 1977. Repartition et diversite des echinoderms (Holothurides-Asterides) en zone profonde dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Deep-Sea Research. 24: 594-563.

Simms, M.J., Gale, AS., Gilliland, P., Rose, EPF., & Sevastopulo, GD., 1993. Echinodermata. Pp. 491-528. In: THE FOSSIL RECORD 2. (Benton MJ., ed.). Chapman & Hall, London.

Simpson, J., 1901. Catalogue of echinoderms found at Aberdeen and neighbourhood. Transactions Aberdeen Working Men's Natural History Society. No. 1: 39-43.

Simpson, JC., 1909. A note on a specimen of Pelagothuria from the Seychelles. Nature. 80: 88.

Simroth, H., 1888. Zur Kenntniss der Azorenfauna. Echinodermata. Archiv Naturgeschichte. Bd. i(Hf. 3): 231-234.

Singh, BN. & Choudhury, A., 1992. A new record of Protankyre similes (Semper) (Holothuroida: Apodidae) from Indian brackishwater environment. Oebalia. 18(10): 109-119.

Singh, SN., Kulshrehtha, SK., Garg, R., & Saxena, RK., 1981. Preliminary note on the presence of Jurassic holothuroids from Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. Current Science. 50(13): 589-591.

Sirven-Villuenda, M. 1945. Equinoideos del litoral de Cuba. Tesis de doctorado, Universidad de la Habana, la Habana. 45 pps.

Sirvoiker, P., & Parulekar, AH., 1986. A new distributional record for the sea cucumber Holothuria (Semperothuria) cinerascens (Brandt) from Goa coast. Mahasagar. 19(4): 279-281.

Skjaeveland, SH., 1973. Echinoderms of Jan Mayen Island. Astarte. 6(2): 69-74.

Sladen, WP., 1891. Report on a collection of Echinodermata from the South-west coast of Ireland, dredged in 1888 by a committee appointed by the Royal Irish Academy, Proceedings Royal Irish Academy. Serie 3. Bd. 1. 687-704.

Sloan, NA., Clark, AM., & Taylor, JD., 1979. The echinoderms of Aldabra and their habitats. Bulletin British Museum Natural History, Zoology. 37: 81–128.

Sluiter CP. 1887. Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Königlichen Naturwissenschaftlicher Vereins in Niederländisch Indien in Batavia. Die Echinodermen. 1. Holothuroidea. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift Nederlandische Indië. 47, 8e Serie. 8: 181-220, 2 pls.

Sluiter, CP., 1881. Über einige neue Holothurien von der West-Küste Java. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift Nederlandische Indië. 40: 333-358.

Sluiter, CP., 1889. Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des Koniglichen naturwissenschaflichen Vereins in niederlandische Indien in Batavia. 1. Holothuroidea. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift Nederlandische Indië. 48: 285-313

Sluiter, CP., 1890. Nachträchliches uber die Echinodermen-fauna des Java-Meeres. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift Nederlande Indië. 49: 105–110.

Sluiter, CP., 1894. Holothurien. Pp. 101-106, figs. 1-17, pls. 1-67. In: ZOOLOGISCHE FORSCHUNGSREISEN IN AUSTRALIEN UND DEM MALAYISCHEN ARCHIPEL. VOLUME. 5 SYSTEMATIK, TIERGEOGRAPHIE, ANATOMIE WIRBELLOSER TIERE. (Semon, R., ed.). Denkschriften Medizinisch Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft, Jena. 8.

Sluiter, CP., 1895. Die Holothurien Sammlung des Museum im Amsterdam. Bijdragen Dierkunde. 17: 75-82.

Sluiter, CP., 1901. Die Holothurien der Siboga–Expedition. Siboga–Expedite uitkomsten op Zoologische, Botanische, Oceanographische en Geologische gebeid verzameld in Nederland Oost-Indie 1899-1900 aan boord HM. SIBOGA onder commano van Lt. ter zee 1e kl. GF. Tydeman uitgeven door Dr. M. Weber. Boekhandel en Drukkerij v. EJ. Brill, Leiden. Monograph 44. 142 pps. & 11 plates.

Sluiter, CP., 1901. Neue Holothurien aus der Tief-See des Indischen Archipels gesammelt durch die Siboga-Expedition. Tijdschrift Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging. 7(1): 1–28.

Sluiter, CP., 1910. Westindische Holothurien. Ergebnisse Zoologische Forschungereise nach Westindien von W. Kukenthal u. R. Hartmeyer, Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung Systematik, Ökologie Geographie Tiere. Suppl. 11, Heft 2: 331-341.

Sluiter, CP., 1914. Die von Dr. PN. van Kampen wärend seiner Fahrt mit Regierungsdampfer GIER 1906-1909 im Indischen Archipel gesammelten Holothurien. Buitensorg Contrib. Faune Indes Neerlandaiises. 1: 1-28. and 1 plate.

Smiley, S., 1986. Metamorphosis in Stichopus californicus and its phylogenetic implications. Biological Bulletin. 171: 611-631.

Smiley, S., 1988. The phylogenetic relationships of holothurians: A cladistic analysis of the extant echinoderm classes. Pp. 69-84. In: ECHINODERM PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM, BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), LONDON DEC., 1986. (Paul, CRC., & Smith, AB., eds.). Clarendon Press, Oxford. 373 pps.

Smirnov, A., 1995. On a Psolus species encountered in Kraternaya Bight (Ushishir Island, the Kurile Islands). Biologiya Morya. 44(1): 83-84.

Smirnov, A., 1997. New apodid holothurians (Holothurioidea, Apodida) from the New Caledonian continental slope collected during BIOGEOCAL expedition 1987. Zoosystema. 19(1): 15-26.

Smirnov, A., 1999. Some remarks on the subgenus Oligotrochus M. Sars, 1866 sensu Heding, 1935 (genus Myriotrochus, Myriotrochidae, Holothurioidea) with description of two new species. Zoosystema. 21(1): 13-27.

Smirnov, A., 1999. The origin of the order Apodida (Holothuroidea) and its families. Pp. 393-395. In: ECHINODERM RESEARCH 1998. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON ECHINODERMS, MILAN, ITALY, 7-12 SEPTEMBER 1998. (Candia Carnevali, MD., & Bonasoro, F. eds.). Balkema Press, Rotterdam. 580 pps.

Smirnov, AV., & Smirnov, IS., 1994. Echinodermata of the East Siberian Sea. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei. 49: 131-182.

Smirnov, AV., 1981. Chirodota orientalis (Apoda: Chiridotidae) - A new species of sea cucumber from the far east seas of the USSR. Zoologiskie Zhurnal. 60(1):79-83.

Smirnov, AV., 1983. Rynkatorpa duodactyla (Apoda: Synaptidae), a sea cucumber from the north pacific new for the fauna of the USSR. Zoologiskie Zhurnal. 62: 75-82.

Smirnov, AV., 1984. Notes on the system of Holothurioidea. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal. 63(4): 547-553.

Smirnov, AV., 1989. A new species of holothurians Trochodota inexspectata (Synaptida, Chiridotidae) from the Simushir Island (Kuril Islands). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal. 68(6): 156-160.

Smirnov, AV., 1989. Coordination of the system of recent and extinct holothurian of the family Synaptidae. Pp 203-217. In: PROBLEMY IZUCHENIYA ISKOPAEMYKH I SOVREMENNYKH IGLOKOZHIKH [Fossil and recent echinoderm researches]. (Kalo, DD., Rozhnov, SV., Solovev, AN., Stukalina, GA., & Khints, LM., eds.). Publisher

Smirnov, AV., 1998. On the classification of the apodid holothurians. Pp. 517-522. In: ECHINODERMS: SAN FRANCISCO. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL ECHINODERM CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA, 5-9 AUGUST 1996. (Mooi, R., & Telford, M., eds.). Balkema Press, Rotterdam. 923 pps.

Smirnov, AV., Gebruk; AV., Galkin SV., & Shank. T., 2000. New species of holothurian (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from hydrothermal vent habits, Journal Marine Biology Association UK. 80:321-328.

Smith, AB., & Gallemi, J., 1991. Middle Triassic holothurians from northern Spain. Palaeontology. 34(1): 49-76.

Smith, AB., 1984. Classification of Echinoderms. Paleontology. 27: 431-459.

Smith, AB., 1986. Cambrian eleutherozoan echinoderms and the early diversification of the edrioasteroids. Palaeontology. 28: 715-756.

Smith, BJ., 1970. Catalogue of Echinoderm types in the National Museum of Victoria, Australia. Memoirs National Museum, Victoria. 31: 91-96

Smith, CR., & Hamilton, SC., 1983. Epibenthic megafauna of a bathyal basin off southern California: patterns of abundance, biomass, and dispersion. Deep-Sea Research Part A. 30(9): 907-928.

Smith, EA., 1876, Diagnosis of new species of Mollusca and Echinodermata from the island of Rodriguez, Annals Magazine Natural History. Series 4; 17: 404–406.

Smith, EA., 1879. Echinodermata. Pp. 564-568, 1 pl. In: TRANSIT OF VENUS EXPEDITION, 1875–75. COLLECTIONS FROM RODRIGUEZ ISLAND. MOLLUSCA (ECHINODERMATA). Philosophical Transactions Royal Society, London. 168 (extra volume).

Smith, EA., 1879. Zoology of Kerguelensland, Echinodermata. Philosophical Transactions Royal Society, London. Volume. 168: 270-281., 2 pls.

Smith, GA., 1923. Report on the echinoderms collected during the voyage of the QUEST (1921-22). Annals Magazine Natural History. Ser 9. 12: 367-376.

Smith, J., 1901. The Carboniferous Echinodermata of the Clyde Drainage Area. Pp. 509. In: FAUNA, FLORA AND GEOLOGY OF THE CLYDE AREA. (Elliot, GFS., Laurie, M., & Murdock, JB., eds.).

Smith, LD., Rees, M., Colquhoun, J., & Heyward, AJ., 2005. Survey of bêche-de-mer and Trochus populations at Ashmore Reef: baseline survey. Beagle. Supplement 1: 177-183.

Smith, MJ., Arndt, A., Gorski, S. & Fajber, E., 1993. The phylogeny of echinoderms classes based on mitochondrial gene rearrangements. Journal Molecular Evolution. 36(6): 545-554.

Solís-Marín, FA., & Laguarda-Figueras, A., 1998. Los equinodermos de México. Biodiversitas. Boletín Bimestral, Comisión Nacional Conocimiento Biodiversidad (CONABIO).18:2-7.

Solís-Marín, FA., & Laguarda-Figueras, A., 1999. Cucumaria flamma, a new species of sea cucumber from the central eastern Pacific (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Proceedings Biological Society, Washington. 112(4): 778-786.

Solís-Marín, FA., & Laguarda-Figueras, A., 2004. Revision of the Genus Synallactes (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Synallactidae). pp. 547–549. In: ECHINODERMS: MUENCHEN. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11TH INTERNATIONAL ECHINODERM CONFERENCE, MUNICH, GERMANY, 6-10 OCTOBER 2003. (Heinzeller, T., & Nebelsick, JH., eds.). Taylor & Francis, London. 633 pps.

Solís-Marín, FA., 2003. Molecular Phylogeny, Systematics and Biology of the Holothurian Family Synallactidae. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southampton. 356 pp.

Solis-Marin, FA., 2005. Synallactes laguardai, a new species of sea cucumber from South Africa (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Synallactidae). Proceedings Biological Society, Washington. 118(3): 570-575.

Solís-Marín, FA., Billett, DSM., Preston, J., & Rogers, AD., 2004. Mitochondrial DNA sequence evidence supporting the recognition of a new North Atlantic Pseudostichopus species (Echinodermata:Holothuroidea). Journal Marine Biological Association UK. 84: 1077–1084.

Solís-Marín, FA., Herrero-Perezrul, MD., & Laguarda-Figueras, A., 1998. New records of the lagoon reef holothurians of Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Pp. 524. In: ECHINODERMS: SAN FRANCISCO. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL ECHINODERM CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA, 5-9 AUGUST 1996. (Mooi, R., & Telford, M., eds.) Balkema Press, Rotterdam. 923 pps.

Solís-Marín, FA., Reyes-Bonilla, H., Herrero-Pérezrul, MD., Arizpe-Covarrubias, O., & Laguarda-Figueras, A., 1997. Systematics and distribuition of the enchinoderms from Bahia de la Paz. Ciencias Marinas. 23(2): 249-263.

Soltwedel, T., Miljutina, M., Mokievsky, V., Thistle, D., & Vopel, K., 2003. The meiobenthos of the Molloy Deep (5 600 m), Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean. Vie Milieu. 53(1): 1-13.

Soodan, KS., & Whatley, R., 1987. Fossil Holothuroidea from the Jurassic of Great Britain. Part - 1. Geoscience Journal, Lucknow. 8(1-2): 163-174.

Soodan, KS., & Whatley, R., 1988. Fossil Holothurioidea from the Jurassic rocks of Great Britain. Part 2. Geoscience Journal, Lucknow. 9(2): 117-130.

Soodan, KS., & Whatley, R., 1990. Fossil Holothuroidea from the Lower Liassic of Yorkshire, U.K. Geoscience Journal. 11(1-2): 1-18.

Soodan, KS., 1972. Fossil Holothuroidea from Kutch, India (Part 1). Indian Colloquium Micropalaeontology Stratigraphy. 2: 18-23.

Soodan, KS., 1974. Fossil Holothuroidea from Kutch, India. Part 3. Indian Colloquium Micropalaeontology Stratigraphy. 4: 101-103.

Soodan, KS., 1974. Holothurian sclerites from the recent sediments. Indian Colloquium Micropalaeontology Stratigraphy. 4: 104-109.

Soodan, KS., 1975. Revision of fossil Holothuroidea family Priscopedatidae Frizzell and Exline. 1955 and some new genera from Kutch, India. Geophytology. 5(2): 213-224.

Soodan, KS., 1976. Fossil Holothuroidea from the subsurface Pleistocene rocks of the Bay of Bengal. Indian Colloquium Micropalaeontology Stratigraphy. 6: 279-282.

Soodan, KS., 1977. Fossil Holothuroidea from Kutch, India - part 4. Geophytology. 7(2): 179-182.

Soodan, KS., 1980. Fossil Holothuroidea from the Eocene rocks of Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. Geoscience Journal, Lucknow. 1(2): 11-12.

Soodan, KS., 1986. Fossil Holothurioidea from the Triassic sequence of Spiti Himalaya, India. Geoscience Journal, Lucknow. 7(1): 61-70.

Soodan, KS., 1991. Holothurian sclerites from the Western Indian Shelf sediments, Arabian Sea. Geoscience Journal, Lucknow. 12(1): 1-12.

Soodan, KS., 1991. Revision of fossil Holothuroidea family Theeliidae Frizzell and Exline, 1955. Geoscience Journal, Lucknow. 12(2): 125-130.

Soodan, KS., 1993. Palaeozoic - Cainozoic fossil Holothuroidea zonation scheme. Geoscience Journal, Lucknow. 14(1-2): 127-144.

Soota, TD., Mukhapadhyay, SK., & Samantha, TK.,. 1983. On some holothurians from Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Records Zoological Survey, India 80(3-4): 507-524.

Southward, EC., & Campbell, AC., 2005. Echinoderms. Synopses British Fauna, New Series 56: 1-271.

Sovinskii, V., 1904. Introduction a l'etude de la faune du bassin marin Ponto-Aralo-Kaspien sous le point de vue d'une provinco zoogeographique independante. Zapiski Kiyevskago Obshchestva. 18: 1-487. [In Russian]

Spalding, MD., 2006. Illegal sea cucumber fisheries in the Chagos Archipelago. SPC Bêche-de-mer Information Bulletin. 23: 32-34.

Spandel, E., 1900. Eine fossile Holothurie. (Synapta-Reate aus den ober oligocanen Cerithienschickten des Mainzer Beckens.). Abhandlungen Naturhistorischen Gesellschaft Nürnberg. 13: 45-56.

Speckmann, P., 1968. Holothurien-Sklerite aus der Mittel-Trias der Ostalpen. Mitteilungen Bayerische Staatssammlung Paläontologie Historische Geologie. 8: 197-218.

Sprinkle, J., 1982. HOLOTHURIANS. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions Monograph 1. 315 pps.

Sroka, SD., & Blake, DB., 1997. Echinodermata. Pp. 223-225. In: RICHARDSON'S GUIDE TO THE FOSSIL FAUNA OF MAZON CREEK. (Shabica, CW., & Hay, AA., eds.). Northeastern Illinois University Press, Chicago. 308 pps.

Sroka, SD., 1988. Preliminary studies on a complete fossil holothurian from the Middle Pennsylvanian Francis Creek Shale of Illinois. Pp 159-160. In: ECHINODERM BIOLOGY. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTH INTERNATIONAL ECHINODERM CONFERENCE, VICTORIA, 23-28 AUGUST 1987. (Burke, RD., Mladenov, PV., Lambert, P., & Parsley, RL., eds.). Balkema Press, Rotterdam. 818 pps.

Stach, LW., 1938. Echinodermata. In: THE SIR JOSEPH BANKS ISLANDS. REPORTS OF THE EXPEDITION OF THE MCCOY SOCIETY FOR FIELD INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH, 3. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria (new series) 50: 329-337.

Steenstrup, J., 1851. Myriotrochus rinkii. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, Kjobenhavn. 1851: 55-60, figs. 7-10, pl. 3.

Stefanov, SA., 1970. Einige Holothurien-Sklerite aus der Trias im Bulgarien. Review Bulgarian Geological Society. 31: 41-50.

Steindachner, F., 1893. Veroffentlichungen den Commission fur Erforschung des ostlichen Mittelmeeres. Vorlaufiger. Bericht uber die zoologischen Arbeiten im Sommer 1891. Sitzungsberichte Kaiserlich Akademie Wissenschaften, Wien. 100: 435-447.

Steinitz, W., 1929. Die Wanderung indopazifischer Arten ins Mittelmeer seit Beginn der Quartarperiode. International Review Hydrobiology. 22: 1-91.

Stendell, R., 1967. Echinoderms collected from a drifting ice island off the East Greenland coast, with comments on their distribution in adjacent waters. Journal Fishery Research Board, Canada. 24: 833-842.

Stepanov, VG., & Pilganchuk, OA., 2002. Cucumaria levini (Dendrochirotida, Cucumariidae) is a new species of holothurians from the Sea of Okhotsk. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal. 81(11): 1392-1397.

Stephensen, K., 1917. Zoogeographical investigation of certain Fjords in Southern Greenland with special reference to Crustacea, Pycnogonida and Echinodermata including a list of Alsyonaria and Pisces. Kjobenhavn Meddelelser Grønland. 53: 229-378.

Stephenson, TA., Stephenson, A., & Dutoit, CA., 1937. The South African intertidal zone and its relation to ocean currents. 1. A temperate Indian Ocean shore. Transactions Royal Society, South Africa. 24: 341-382.

Stiasny, G.. 1912. Mitteilung aus der KK. Zoologischen Station in Triest. 1. Beobachtungen uber die marine Fauna des Triester Golfes wahrend des Jahres 1911. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 39: 604-608.

Stiles, CW., 1916. Mitteilungen aus Museen, Instituten usw. Notice of possible suspension of the rules of nomenclature in the cases of Holothuria 1758 vs. Physalia 1801, and Bohadschia 1933 vs., Holothuria 1791. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 48: 205-206.

Stimpson, W., 1851. Description of Anaperus unisemita n. sp. Proceedings Boston Society Natural History. 4: 8-9.

Stimpson, W., 1851. Description of Pentacta calcigera n. sp. Proceedings Boston Society Natural History. 4: 67.

Stimpson, W., 1853. Synopsis of the Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan. Smithsonian Contribution Knowledge, Washington. 66 pps., 3 pls.

Stimpson, W., 1855. Descriptions of some new marine Invertebrata. Echinodermata. Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 7(10): 385-387

Stimpson, W., 1857. On the crustacea and echinodermata of the Pacific shores of North America. Boston Journal Natural History. 6: 524-526.

Stimpson, W., 1857. On the Crustacea and Echinodermata of the Pacific shores of North America. Part 2. Echinodermata. Boston Journal Natural History. 6: 522-532, pls. 23 (7-11)

Stimpson, W., 1860. Zoological Notices on the Genus Synapta by Woodward and Barrett. American Journal Science. 29:134.

Stimpson, W., 1864. Descriptions of new species of marine invertebrates from Puget Sound, collected by the naturalists of the North West Boundary Commission. Proceedings Philadelphia Academy Science. 16: 153-161.

Stöhr, S., 2001. Species of echinoderms described by AW. Ljungman. Pp 67-72. In: ECHINODERMS 2000: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, DUNEDIN, 31 JANUARY - 4 FEBRUARY 2000. (Barker, M., ed.). Balkema Press, Rotterdam. 600 pps.

Storm, V., 1879. Bidrag til Kundskab om Trondhjemsfjorden Fauna. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps Akademie. 1879: 18-22.

Storrow, B., 1925. Phyllophorus drummondi, Thompson. Report Dove Marine Laboratory, Cullercoats. 14: 57.

Stossich, A., 1876. Breve sunto sulle produzioni marine del golfo di Trieste. Bolletino Societa Adriatica Scienze Naturali, Trieste. 2: 349-371.

Strimple, HL., 1962. Echinodermata. Crinoidea. Pp. 66-74. In: STRATIGRAPHY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF THE UPPERMOST PENNSYLVANIAN AND LOWERMOST PERMIAN ROCKS IN KANSAS. US. Geological Survey Professional Paper. No. 323. 209 pps.

Strussenfelt, AM.v., 1767. Beschreibung eines Seethieres, Seegespenst genannt. Abhendl. D. Kgl. Schwed. Akad. d. Wiss. [?German for: Bihang Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar]. Aus. D. J. 1765. Deutsche Ausgabe. 27. Bd. Leipzig. 1767. 80. pps. 268-279, Tab. 10.

Studer, T., 1876. Über Echinodermen aus dem antarktischen Meere und zwei neue Seeigel von den Papua- Inseln, gesmammelt auf der Reise SMS. GAZELLE um die Erde. Monatsbericht Königlicht Preussich Akademie Wissenschaftlische, Berlin,. Juli 1875: 452-465.

Studer, T., 1879. Die Fauna von Kerguelenland. Archiv Naturgeschichte. 45: 104-141.

Studer, T., 1889. DIE FORSCHUNGSREISE SMS. GAZELLE IN DEN JAHREN 1874-76. 3 THEIL. ZOOLOGIE UND GEOLOGIE. Berlin. 322 pps., 33 pls.

Stuxberg, A., 1879. Echinodermer från Novaj Semljas haf samlade under Nordenskiöldska expeditionerna 1875 och 1876. Oefversigt Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, Stockholm. 3: 27-40, pl. 6.

Stuxberg, A., 1880. Evertebratfaunan i Sibiriens Ishaf. Bihang Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar. Bd. 5., No. 22. 80 pps.

Stuxberg, A., 1886. FAUNAN PÅ OG KRING NOVAJA SEMLJA. Vega-Expeditionens Vetenskapliga Jakttagelser. Band V. 239 pps.

Suárez, AM., 1974. Lista de equinodermos cubanos recientes. Ciencias Investigaciones Marinas. 6: 1-72.

Sudzuki, M., 1976. Microscopical marine animals scarcely known from Japan. l. Micro- meio-faunae around Kasado Island in the Seto inland sea of Japan. Proceedings Japanese Society Systematic Zoology. No. 12: 5-12.

Summerson, CH.,& Campbell, LJ., 1958. Holothurian sclerites from the Kendrick Shale of eastern Kentucky. Journal Paleontology. 32: 961-969.

Sumrall, CD., & Sprinkle, J., 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of living Echinodermata based on primitive fossil taxa. Pp. 81-87. In: ECHINODERMS: SAN FRANCISCO. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL ECHINODERM CONFERENCE, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, USA, 5-9 AUGUST 1996. (Mooi, R., & Telford, M., eds.) Balkema Press, Rotterdam. 923 pps.

Swedmark, B., 1971. A review of Gastropoda, Brachiopoda, and Echinodermata in marine meiobenthos. Smithsonian Contribitions Knowledge, Zoology. No.76: 41-45.

Sztejn, J., 1989. Possible holothuroid sclerites from the Upper Ordovician of north-eastern Poland. Bulletin Polish Academy Sciences, Earth Sciences. 37(1-2): 89-91.

Sztejn, J., 1992. Holothurian sclerites from the Lower Cretaceous of the Polish Lowlands. Bulletin Polish Academy Sciences, Earth Sciences. 40(2): 177-190.

Sztejn, J., 1993. Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sclerites from the Lodz trough of the south-eastern slope of the Kujawy Swell. Bulletin Polish Academy Sciences, Earth Sciences. 41(2): 115-126.