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Pre-Linnaeus

Systematics literature

Biology literature

Cultural references

Bibliography of Biological Literature: S

Saad, MA., 1988. Preliminary study of bêche-de-mer (sea cucumber) catch and its dynamics during the period extending from 1981-1987 and the effect of seasonal conditions on the average production. Science Investigations Gulf Aden, Series A, Oceanography. 11: 1-17. (English abstract).

Sabourin, TD., & Stickle, WB., 1981. Effects of salinity on respiration and nitrogen excretion in two species of echinoderms. Marine Biology. 65(1): 91-99.

Sachithananthan, K., 1974. Efforts to diversify exports of bêche-de-mer. A Souvenir to mark the opening of the bêche-de-mer processing factor, Mannar.

Sachithananthan, K., 1986. Artisanal handling and processing of sea cucumbers (sandfish). Infofish, 2: 35-36.

Sachithananthan, K., 1994. A small-scale unit to process sand-fish Holothuria scabra. Pp. 79-80. In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BÊCHE-DE-MER. (Rengarajan, K., & James, DB., eds.) Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Bulletin. No. 46: 79-80.

Sachithananthan, K., 1994. Bêche-de-mer trade: Global perspectives. In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BÊCHE-DE-MER. (Rengarajan, K., & James, DB., eds.) Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Bulletin. No. 46: 106-109.

Sachithananthan, K., P. Natesan, P., Algaratham, C., Thevathasan, A., & Philip, LB., 1975. De-Scummer for bêche-de-mer processing. Bulletin Fish Research Station Sri Lanka. 26(1&2): 11-15.

Sainz, J., & Cornudella, L., 1990. Preservation of a complex satellite DNA in two species of echinoderms. Nucleic Acids Research. 18(4) :885-890.

Sainz, J., Prats, E., Ruiz, S., & Cornudella, L., 1992. Organization of repetitive DNA sequences in the genome of the echinoderm Holothuria tubulosa. Biochimie. 74(12): 1067-1074.

Sakthivel, M., & Swamy. PK., 1994. International trade in sea cucumbers. In: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL WORKSHOP ON BÊCHE-DE-MER. (Rengarajan, K., & James, DB., eds.) Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Bulletin. No. 46: 91-98.

Salvat, B., 1975. Qualitative and quantitative distribution of Halodeima atra - Echinodermata, Holothuroidea - in the lagoons and reefs of French Polynesia. Pacific Science Congress Proceedings. 13(1):132.

Sambrano, A., Diaz, H., & Eloy Conde, J., 1990. Caracterizacion de la ingesta en Isostichopus badionotus (Salenka) y Holothuria mexicana Ludwig (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Caribbean Journal Science. 26(1-2): 45-51.

Samyn, Y., Van den Spiegel, D., Franklin, A., Réveillon, A., Segers, H., & van Goethem, J., 2004. Sea cucumber specimen preservation for taxonomic identification. The Belgian focal point to the global taxonomy initiative and its role in strengthening individual and institutional taxonomic capacity for, inter alia, sea cucumbers. Pp. 415-420. In: ADVANCES IN SEA CUCUMBER AQUACULTURE AND MANAGEMENT. (Lovatelli, A., Conand, C., Purcell, S., Uthicke, S., Hamel, JF., Mercier, A., eds.). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 463. 425 pps.

Sanjindawong, M., 1973. Studies on taxonomy and the nutritive value of sea cucumbers in Thailand. M.Sc. Thesis, Kasetsart University. 56 pp.

Sanne, SR., & Chhapgar, BF., 1962. Intertidal Echinodermata of Bombay. Journal Bombay Natural History Society. 59(2): 672-676.

Sant, G., 1995. International trade in marine invertebrates in the South Pacific. Integrated Coastal Fisheries Management Project Technical Document 12: 547-557.

Santiago, P., Roig-Lopez, JL., Santiago, C., & García-Arrarás, JE., 2000. Serum amyloid A protein in an echinoderm: Its primary structure and expression during intestinal regeneration in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Journal Experimental Zoology. 288(4): 335-344.

Santiago-Cardona, PG., Berrios, CA., Ramirez, F., & García-Arrarás, JE., 2003. Lipopolysaccharides induce intestinal serum amyloid A expression in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 27(2): 105-110.

Santos, VLCS., Billett, DSM., & Wolff, GA., 2000. An unusual 4-methyl sterol present in abyssal sediments from the north-east Atlantic Ocean. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. 3(3): 397-405.

Sanzo, L., 1907. Zur Kenntnis des Stickstoff-Stoffwechsels bei marinen wirbellosen Tieren. Biologisches Centralblatt, Berlin. 27: 479-491.

Sardet, C., & Tilney, LG., 1977. Origin of the membrane for the acrosomal process: is actin complexed with membrane precursors? Cell Biology International Reports. 1(2): 193-200.

Sarma, NS., Anjaneyulu, ASR., Rao, CBS., & Venkateswarulu, Y., 1987. Triterpene Glycosides and Aglycones of sea cucumbers Holothuria atra and Holothuria scabra (Holothuroidea). Indian Journal Chemistry. 260: 715-721.

Sastry, DRK., 1995. Echinodermata. Pp. 477-478. In: WETLANDS ECOSYSTEM SERIES. SERIES 1. FAUNA OF CHILKA LAKE. Zoological Survey India, Special Publications

Sastry, DRK., 1998. Echinodermata. Pp. 463-481. In: STATE FAUNA SERIES 3. FAUNA OF WEST BENGAL, PART 10. Zoological Survey of India Special Publication.

Sastry, DRK., 1998. Some Echinoderms new to Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park with two new records from India. Proceedings of the Symposium on Island Ecosystem and Sustainable Development. pp. 133-138.

Sastry, DRK., 1999. Echinodermata of Great Nicobar Island, Bay of Bengal. Journal Andaman Science Association. 15: 91-93.

Sastry, DRK., 2002. Echinodermata associated with coral reefs of Andman and Nicobar Islands. Records Zoological Survey India. 100(Part 3&4): 21-60.

Satayamas, K., 1982. Study on echinoderms in Songkla province. Special problem in biological science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University. 70 pps.

Satyamurti, ST., 1976. The Echinodermata in the collection of the Madras Government Museum. Bulletin Madras Government Museum. 7 (3): 284 pps.

Saville Kent, W., 1883. The supposed Coral-eating Habits of Holothurians. Nature. 27: 432.

Saville Kent, W., 1890. BÊCHE-DE-MER AND PEARL-SHELL FISHERIES OF NORTHERN QUEENSLAND. Queensland Government Publication. 8 pps.

Saville Kent, W., 1893. THE GREAT BARRIER-REEF OF AUSTRALIA; ITS PRODUCTS AND POTENTIALITIES. WH. Allen & Co., London. 387 pps.

Savvateeva, LY., 1987. Prospects for the combined use of holothurians of Far Eastern seas. Rybnoe Khozyaistvo. 1987(1): 72-74.

Sawano, E., 1928. On the digestive enzymes of Caudina chilensis (J Muller). Science Report Tohoku University Series 4. 3: 203-218.

Sawaya, P., 1951. Sensibilidade do musculo longitudinal radial de Holoturia a Acetilcolina (efeito da acetilcolina). Ciência Cultura, São Paulo. 3: 41-42.

Sawaya P. 1952. Reação do musculo radial de Holothuria as drogas colinergicas. Ciência Cultura, São Paulo. 4: 129.

Sawaya, P.,1954. Sobre a contração do musculo longitudinal de Holothuria grisea. Ciência Cultura, São Paulo. 6: 193.

Sawaya, P., 1962. On a bioassay for acetylcholine and on some properties of the longitudinal muscles of Holothuria grisea (Echinodermata). Boletim Faculdade Filosofia, Ciências Letras, Universidade São Paulo, Zoologia. No. 261(24): 5-10.

Sawaya, P., Ancona Lopez, AA., 1959. Sobre a fisiologia dos mausculos longitudinais de Holothuria grisea. Boletim Faculdade Filosofia, Ciências Letras, Universidade São Paulo, Zoologia. 232(22): 75-97.

Schaller, F., 1973. Uber die Tentakelbewegungen der dendrochiroten Holothurien Cucumaria lefevrei und Cucumaria saxicola. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 191(3-4): 162-170.

Schatt, P., Feral, JP., & Guille, A., 1987. Ecologie marine des iles subantarctiques et antarctiques. Incubation, constitution biochimique et valeurs energetiques chez quelques echinodermes subantarctiques. Comite National Francais Recherches Antarctiques. 1987: 109-118.

Schchekaturina, TL., 1978. Ecologobiochemical characteristics of hydrocarbons in some Mediterranean sea organisms. Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal. 14(1): 99-103.

Scheuer, PJ., 1971. Toxins from marine invertebrates. Naturwissenschaften. 58: 549-554.

Scheuer, PJ., 1972. Recent developments in the chemistry of marine toxins. Pp. 545-556. In: TOXINS OF ANIMAL AND PLANT ORIGIN. Volume 2, Pps. 493-822. (de Vries, A., & Kochva, E., eds.). Gordon & Breach Scientific Publishers, New York. [Volume 1. 492 pps., Volume 3, pps. 823-1107.]

Scheuer, PJ., 1977. Chemical communication of marine invertebrates. Bioscience. 27(10): 664-668.

Schmidt, WJ., 1924. Entwicklungs-mechanische Analyse abnormer Chiridota radchen. Zeitschrift Wissenschaftliche Biologie. Abteilung A: Zeitschrift Morphologie Ökologie Tiere. 2: 611-642.

Schmidt, WJ., 1925. Uber die Lage der optischen Achse in den Kalkkorpern der Holothurien und ihre Bedeutung fur die vergleichende Morphologie. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung Anatomie Ontogenie Tiere. 47: 113-154.

Schmidt, WJ., 1930. Die Skeletstrücke der Stachelhauter als Biokristalle. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung Allgemeine Zoologie. 47: 357-510.

Schmidt, WJ., 1965. v. Ebnei's Phenolreaktion bei den Kollagenfasern der Cuvierschen Schauche von Holothuria. Zeitschrift Zellforschung Mikroskopische Anatomie. 67: 32-35.

Schneider, AF., 1858. Über einige Parasitende Holothuria tubulosa. Müller’s Archiv Anatomie, Physiologie Wissenschaftliche Medizin. 1858: 323-329.

Schreiber, B., 1930. Studi sull' assorbimento intestinale nelle Oloturie. Pubblicazioni Stazione Zoologica Napoli. 10: 235-277.

Schreiber, B., 1932. Esperimenti per lo studio dell assorbimento intestinale nelle Olothurie. Archivio Zoologico Italiano. 16: 865-870..

Schroeder, PC., & Hufty, HM., 1976. A hormonally active substance produced by the ovary of the holothurian Parastichopus californicus. Colloques Internationaux Centre National Recherche Scientifique. 1976: 207-211.

Schroeter, SC., Reed, DC., Kushner, DJ., Estes, JA., & Ono, DS., 2001. The use of marine reserves in evaluating the dive fishery for the warty sea cucumber (Parastichopus parvimensis) in California, USA. Canadian Journal Fisheries Aquatic Sciences. 58(9): 1773-1781.

Schultz, EA., 1895. Über den Prozess der Exkretion bei den Holothurien. Biologisches Centralblatt. 15: 390-398.

Scott, JW., 1914. Regeneration, variation and correlation in Thyone. American Naturalist. 48: 280-307.

Scouras, A., Beckenbach, K., Arndt, A., & Smith, MJ., 2004. Complete mitochondrial genome DNA sequence for two ophiuroids and a holothuroid: the utility of protein gene sequence and gene maps in the analyses of deep deuterostome phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics Evolution. 31(1): 50-65.

Seale, A., 1911. The fishery resources of the Philippine Islands. Part 4. Miscellaneous marine products. Philippine Journal Science, Manila. Series D. 6: 283-320.

Seale, A., 1917. Sea products of Mindanao and Sulu, III: Sponges, tortoise shell, corals and trepang. Philippine Journal Science, Manila. 12: 191-212.

Seals, JD., & Grossman, SH., 1988. Purification and characterization of arginine kinase from the sea cucumber Caudina arenicola. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology B. 89(4): 701-707.

Selenka, E., 1876. Zur Entwickelung der Holothurien (Holothuria tubulosa und Cucumaria doliolum). Ein Beitrag zur Keimblattertheorie. Zeitschrift Wissenschaft. Zoologie. 27: 155-178.

Selenka, E., 1883. Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Thiere II. Heft Die Keimblatter der Echinodermen. Wiesbaden. 40 pps., 6 pls.

Self, RFL., Jumars, PA., & Mayer, LM., 1995. In vitro amino acid and glucose uptake rates across the gut wall of a surface deposit feeder. Journal Experimental Marine Biology Ecology. 192(2): 289-318.

Selin, NI., 2001. Vertical distribution of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan. Biologiya Morya. 27(4): 297-299.

Selin, NI., & Chernyayev, MZ., 1994. Distribution patterns, settlement structure and growth of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus in Vostok Bay, the Sea of Japan. Biologiya Morya. 20(1): 73-81.

Sella, A., & Sella, M., 1940. L'industria del Trepang. Thalassia, Deutsch-Italienisches Institut Meeresbiologie Rovigno, Istria. 4(5): 116 pps.

Selvin, J., & Lipton, AP., 2004. Antifouling activity of bioactive substances extracted from Holothuria scabra. Hydrobiologia. 513: 251-253.

Sendall, K., 2003. Phenoxyethanol as a relaxant before fixation in the sea cucumber Cucumaria miniata (Echinodermata). Collection Forum. 18(1-2): 98-103.

Serra-von Buddenbrock, E., 1963. Etudes physiologiques et histologiques sur le tegument des Holothuries (Holothuria tubulosa). Vie Milieu. 14: 55-70.

Semon, R., 1883. Das Nervensystem der Holothurien. Jenaische Zeitschrift Natuwissenschaft. Bd. 16: 1-23., 2 pls.

Semon, R., 1888. Entwicklung der Synapta digitata und ihre Bedeutung für die Phylogenie der Echinodermen. . Jenaische Zeitschrift Naturwissenschaft Herausgegeben Medizinische Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft, Jena. 22: 175-309.

Serra-von Buddendrock, E., 1963. Études physiologiques et histologiques sur le tegument des holothuries (Holothuria tubulosa). Vie Milieu. 14: 55-70.

Sewell, MA., 1987. The reproductive biology of Stichopus mollis. MSc. Thesis. University Aukland, New Zealand.

Sewell, MA., 1990. Aspects of the ecology of Stichopus mollis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in north-eastern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal Marine Freshwater Research. 24(1): 97-103.

Sewell, MA., 1991 Measurement of size in live sea cucumbers. SPC Bêche-de-mer Information Bulletin. 3: 4.

Sewell, MA., 1991. Protandry in the sea cucumber Leptosynapta sp. American Zoologist. 31(5): 104A

Sewell, MA., 1992. Reproduction of the temperate aspidochirote Stichopus mollis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in New Zealand. Ophelia. 35(2): 103-121.

Sewell, MA., 1994. Birth, recruitment and juvenile growth in the intraovarian brooding sea cucumber Leptosynapta clarki. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 114(1-2): 149-156.

Sewell, MA., 1994. Small size, brooding, and protandry in the apodid sea cucumber Leptosynapta clarki. Biological Bulletin. 187(1): 112-123.

Sewell, MA., 1995. Reproduction in synaptid cucumbers. Pp. XXX-YYY. In: SYMPOSIUM: THE ROLE OF CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES. American Zoologist. 35 (4).

Sewell, MA., 1996. Mortality of pentactulae during intraovarian brooding in the apodid sea cucumber Leptosynapta clarki. Biological Bulletin. 190(2): 188-194.

Sewell, MA., & Bergquist, PR., 1990. Variability in the reproductive cycle of Stichopus mollis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Invertebrate Reproduction Development. 17(1): 1-7.

Sewell, MA., & Chia, FS., 1994. Reproduction of the intraovarian brooding apodid Leptosynapta clarki (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) in British Columbia. Marine Biology. 121(2):285-300.

Sewell, MA., & Levitan, DR., 1992. Fertilization success during a natural spawning of the dendrochirote sea cucumber Cucumaria miniata. Bulletin Marine Science. 51(2): 161-166.

Sewell, MA., Thandar, AS. & Chia, FS., 1995. A redescription of Leptosynapta clarki Heding (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the North East Pacific with notes on changes in spicule form and size with age. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 469-485.

Sewell, MA., Tyler, PA., Young, CM., & Conand, C., 1997. Ovarian development in the class Holothuroidea: a reassessment of the "tubule recruitment model". Biological Bulletin. 192(1): 17-26.

Sewell, MA., & Young CM., 1997. Are echinoderm egg size distributions bimodal? Biological Bulletin. 193(3): 297-305.

Scheglov, VV., Moiseichenko, GV., & Kovekovdova, LT., 1990. Effect of copper and zinc on embryos, larvae and adult individuals of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. Biologiya Morya. 1990(3): 55-58.

Sheikh, YM., & Djerassi, C., 1977. Biosynthesis of sterols in the sea cucumber Stichopus californicus. Tetrahedron Letters. 1977(36): 3111-3114.

Shelkovnikov, SA., Starshinova, LA., & Ioffe, DV., 1974. Cholinoreceptors of the pharyngeal protractor muscle of the holothurian Cucumaria japonica. Journal Evolutionary Biochemistry Physiology. 10(1): 101-103.

Shelkovnikov, SA., Starshinova, LA., & Zeimal, EV., 1977. Two kinds of cholinergic receptors on the non-visceral muscle of some Echinodermata. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology C. 58(1): 1-12.

Shelley, C., 1981 Aspects of the distribution, reproduction, growth and fishery potential of holothurians in the Papuan Coastal Lagoon. MSc. Thesis. University of Papua New Guinea.

Shelley, CC., 1985. Growth of Actinopyga echinites and Holothuria scabra (Holothurioidea: Echinodermata) and their fisheries potential (as bêche-de-mer) in Papua New Guinea. Pp. 297-302. In: PAPUA NEW GUINEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CORAL REEF CONGRESS. (Gabrié, C., & Harmelin, VM., eds.) Antenne Museum—EPHA, Moorea, French Polynesia.

Shelly, CC., & Puig, P., 2004. Management of sea cucumbers in the Northern Territory, Australia, and current research to further improve understanding of the fishery. Pp. 221-230. In: ADVANCES IN SEA CUCUMBER AQUACULTURE AND MANAGEMENT. (Lovatelli, A., Conand, C., Purcell, S., Uthicke, S., Hamel, JF., Mercier, A., eds.). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 463. 425 pps.

Shenoy, AS., 1977. Holothurians and its commercial utility. Seafood Export Journal. 9(12): 17-23.

Shepherd, SA., Martinez, P., Toral-Granda, MV., & Edgar, GJ., 2004. The Gálapagos sea cucumber fishery: management improves as stocks decline. Environmental Conservation. 31(2): 102-110.

Shepherd, SA., Toral-Granda, V., & Edgar, GJ., 2003. Estimating the abundance of clustered and cryptic marine macro-invertebrates in the Galápagos with particular reference to sea cucumbers. Noticias Galápagos 62: 36-39.

Shibayama, R., Kobayashi, T., Wada, H., Ushitani, H., Inoue, J., Kawakami. T., & Sugi, H., 1994. Stiffness changes of holothurian dermis induced by mechanical vibration. Zoological Science, Tokyo. 11(4): 511-515.

Shick, JM., 1983. Respiratory gas exchange in echinoderms. Pp. 67-110. In: ECHINODERM STUDIES I. (Jangoux, M., & Lawrence, JM., eds.). Balkema Press, Rotterdam.

Shick, JM., Dunlap, WC., Chalker, BE., Banaszak, AT., & Rosenzweig, TK., 1992. Survey of ultraviolet radiation-absorbing microsporine-like amino-acids in organs of coral reef holothuroids. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 90(2): 139-148.

Shida, H., 1971. Electron microscopic studies on the longitudinal muscle of the sea-cucumber (Stichopus japonicus). Science Report Tohoku University, Series 4. 35(4): 175-187.

Shiell, G., 2004. Field observations of juvenile sea cucumbers. SPC Bêche-de-mer Information Bulletin. 20: 6-11.

Shiell, GR., 2004. Density of Holothuria nobilis and distribution patterns of common holothurians on coral reefs of northwestern Australia. Pp. 231-238. In: ADVANCES IN SEA CUCUMBER AQUACULTURE AND MANAGEMENT. (Lovatelli, A., Conand, C., Purcell, S., Uthicke, S., Hamel, JF., Mercier, A., eds.). FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 463. 425 pps.

Shiell, G., 2005. Information on juvenile holothurians: a contribution by Dr DB. James. SPC Bêche-de-mer Information Bulletin. 21: 26-27.

Shiell, GR., 2006. Effect of invasive tagging on the activity of Holothuria whitmaei (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea): a suitable mark-recapture method for short-term field studies of holothurian behaviour. Marine Freshwater Behaviour Physiology. 39(2): 153-162.

Shiell, G., & Uthicke, S., 2006. Reproduction of the commercial sea cucumber, Holothuria whitmaei (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida): Gonad morphology and reproductive cycles of Indian and Pacific Ocean populations of Australia. Marine Biology 148: 973-986.

Shijie, Z., & Shirley, TC., 1996. Habitat and depth distribution of the Red Sea cucumber Parastichopus californicus in a southeast Alaska bay. Alaska Fishery Research Bulletin. 3(2): 123-131.

Shimada, S., 1969. Antifungal steroid glycoside from sea cucumber. Science 163: 1462.

Shimizu, M., Mikami, I., & Takahashi, K., 1994. Histochemical detection on the ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes in the intestine of a juvenile sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. Bulletin Faculty Fisheries Hokkaido University. 45(1): 1-8.

Shimohigashi, Y., Nose, T., Noro, T., Matsuoka, T., & Edward, A., 1995. Purification and characterization of biologically active peptides from the sea cucumber Holothuria atra. Kagoshima University Research Center, South Pacific, Occasional Papers. 26: 35-39.

Shinagawa, A., Shiomi, K., Yamanaka, H., & Kikuchi, T., 1983. Selective determination of inorganic arsenic (III), (V) and organic arsenic in marine organisms. Bulletin Japanese Society Scientific Fisheries. 49(1): 75-78.

Shinn, GL, 1983. Anoplodium hymanae sp. n., an umagillid turbellarian from the coelom of Stichopus californicus, a northeast Pacific holothurian. Canadian Journal Zoology. 61(4): 750-760.

Shinn, GL., 1985. Reproduction of Anoplodium hymanae, a turbellarian flatworm (Neorhabdocoela, Umagillidae) inhabiting the coelom of sea cucumbers: production of egg capsules, and escape of infective stages without evisceration of the host. Biological Bulletin. 169(1): 182-198.

Shinn, GL., 1985. Infection of new hosts by Anoplodium hymanae, a turbellarian flatworm (Neorhabdocoela, Umagillidae) inhabiting the coelom of the sea cucumber Stichopus californicus. Biological Bulletin. 169(1): 199-214.

Shinn, GL., 1986. Life history and function of the secondary uterus of Wahlia pulchella, an umagillid turbellarian from the intestine of a northeastern Pacific sea cucumber (Stichopus californicus). Ophelia. 25(2): 59-74.

Shinn, GL., Stricker, SA., & Cavey, MJ., 1989. Ultrastructure of transrectal coelomoducts in the sea cucumber, Parastichopus californicus (Echinodermata, Holothuroida). Zoomorphology. 109(4): 189-199.

Shiomi, K., Shinagawa, A., Azuma, M., Yamanaka, H., & Kikuchi, T., 1983. Purification and comparison of water-soluble arsenic compounds in a flatfish Limanda herzensteini, sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi, and sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus. Comparative Biochemistry Physiology C.74(2): 393-396.

Shlesinger, Y., 1986. Distribution patterns of the holothurian, Actinopyga bannwarthi, as correlated with levels of phosphate pollution in the Gulf of Eilat (Red Sea). Pp. 195-203. In: ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND ECOSYSTEM STABILITY VOLUMES 3A & 3B - PROC OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE ISRAEL SOCIETY FOR ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SCIENCES, JERUSALEM, JUNE 1-4, 1986. (Dubinsky Z, Steinberger Y, eds.).

Shoguchi, E., Harada, Y., Numakunai, T., & Satoh, N., 2000. Expression of the OTX gene in the ciliary bands during sea cucumber embryogenesis. Genesis. 27(2): 58-63.

Shukalyuk, AI., & Dolmatov, Y., 2001. Gut regeneration in the holothurian Apostichopus japonicus after evisceration. Biologiya Morya. 27(3): 202-206.

Shulgina, LV., 1982. Microflora of the intestine of the trepang Stichopus japonicus Selenka, from sea water and detritus of Peter the Great Bay. Pp. 152-156. In: ECOLOGY AND CONDITIONS OF REPRODUCTION OF FISH AND INVERTEBRATES IN WATERS OF THE SOVIET FAR EAST AND THE NORTH-WESTERN PART OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN. (Konovalov, SM., Shuntov, VP., Markovtsev, VG., Gavrilov, GM., Osipov, VG., Pavlychev, VP., Mikulich, LV., Fadeev, NS., & Kucheryavenko, EB., eds.).

Shulgina, LV., 1982. Data on active reaction in the medium of trepang organism Stichopus japonicus Selenka. Izvestiya Tikhookeanskogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografii. 106: 148-149.

Sibly, R., & Calow, P., 1982. Asexual reproduction in Protozoa and invertebrates. Journal Theoretical Biology. 96(3): 401-424.

Sibuet, M., 1984. Les invertebres detritivores dans l'ecosystem abyssal. Selection de la nourriture et regime alimentaire chez les Holothuries. Oceanis. 10(6): 623-639.

Sibuet, M., 1985. Quantitative distribution of echinoderms (Holothuroidea, Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea) in relation to organic matter in the sediment, in deep sea basins of the Atlantic Ocean. Pp. 99-108. In: ECHINODERMATA: PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL ECHINODERM CONFERENCE GALWAY 24-29 SEPTEMBER, 1984. Keegan, BF., & O’Conner, BDS., eds.). Balkema Press, Rotterdam. 662 pps.

Sibuet, M., Khripounoff, A., Deming, J., Colwell, R., & Dinet A. 1982. Modification of the gut contents in the digestive tract of abyssal holothurians. Pp.421-428. In: ECHINODERMS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, TAMPA BAY. (Lawrence, JM., ed.). Balkema Press, Rotterdam. 529 pps.

Sibuet, M., & Lawrence, JM., 1981. Organic content and biomass of abyssal holothuroids (Echinodermata) from the Bay of Biscay. Marine Biology. 65(2): 143-147.

Siddiqui, PJA., Akbar, Z., & Qasim, R., 1988. Distribution of macro and micro-elements in marine invertebrates from Karachi. Pakistan Journal Scientific Industrial Research. 31(5): 326-329.

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